Chromium VI (Hexavalent Chromium)
Also known as: Cr(VI) · Chromate · Dichromate
Overview
Hexavalent chromium is a potent carcinogen and oxidant, distinct from the trivalent form (Cr(III)) which is an essential trace nutrient. Cr(VI) readily crosses cell membranes and is reduced intracellularly to reactive intermediates that cause DNA damage, oxidative stress, and immune cell dysfunction. Its detection in PBMCs provides direct evidence of intracellular genotoxic exposure. Made infamous by the Hinkley, California groundwater contamination case.
Primary Sources
Industrial contamination of drinking water, chrome plating and metal finishing industries, leather tanning, welding fumes, cement dust, wood preservatives, contaminated soil near industrial sites.
Health Effects
Lung cancer (Group 1 carcinogen), nasal and sinus cancer, DNA adduct formation, oxidative DNA damage, immune dysregulation, contact dermatitis, renal toxicity, and reproductive toxicity.
Detection Method
This toxin is detected and quantified using HRMS + ICP-MS analysis of isolated PBMCs. The intracellular accumulation of this compound in lymphocytes and monocytes provides a more accurate reflection of chronic systemic burden than conventional serum or urine testing.